Engineering

51	Matsui, H. ; Tabata, H. (Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research) Self-organized Nanostripe Arrays on ZnO (10-10) Surfaces Formed during Laser Molecular-Beam-Epitaxy Growth Applied Physics Letters, 87, 143109 (2005) Nanostripe arrays were naturally formed on ZnO (10-10) surfaces during laser MBE growth. The nanostripe arrays were elongated above 5μm along the [0001] direction. Transmittance electron microscopy revealed that the arrays were triangular-shaped with two side bonding facets constituted from high-index (31-40) and (4-1-30) planes. The highly anisotropic surfaces dramatically affected electron transport of the layers with Hall mobility parallel to the nanostripe edges more than two orders of magnitude larger than that perpendicular to the edges.

52	Matsumura, N. ; Llorà, X.; Goldberg, D.E. (Graduate School of Economics) Communication Gap Management for Fertile Community Journal of Soft Computing, (published in Online First) (2006) As the growth of the Internet, computer-mediated communication (CMC) is getting more attention than ever these days. To understand the nature of CMC, we extracted 3,000 social networks from message boards on the Internet, classified them based on communication gaps measured from the structural features, and determined three types of communication, i.e., interactive communication, distributed communication, and soapbox communication. We concluded this paper by suggesting several management strategies for realizing fertile community.

53	Amasaki, S.; Yoshitomi, T.; Mizuno, O.; Takagi, Y.; Kikuno, T. (Graduate School of Information Science and Technology) A New Challenge for Applying Time Series Metrics Data to Software Quality Estimation Software Quality Journal, 13, 177-193 (2005) Although a software reliability growth model (SRGM) is widely applied in software companies for quality assurance, there are several cases in which the SRGM doesn’t work sufficiently. In order to tackle this problem, we focused on the trend of detected software defects during testing phases and tried to estimate software quality using the trend. Using the rank correlation coefficient, we can classify software projects into four groups of defect trend, and showed relationship between trend groups and quality of software.

54	Morita, H. ; Hirokawa, K.; Zhu, J. (Graduate School of Information Science and Technology) A Slack-Based Measure of Efficiency in Context-Dependent Data Envelopment Analysis Omega, 33, 357-362 (2005) Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been proven as an excellent data-oriented performance evaluation method for multiple inputs and outputs systems. A context-dependent DEA has been developed to provide finer evaluation results by examining the efficiency of DMUs in specific performance levels based on upon radial efficiency measure. The non-zero slacks values which represent a substantial amount of inefficiency have been successfully incorporated into the context-dependent DEA by using a slack-based measure. We obtained more appropriate performance benchmarks for inefficient systems.

55	Nagatomi, T.; Goto, K. (Graduate School of Engineering) Absolute Determination of Inelastic Mean-Free Paths And Surface Excitation Parameters by Absolute Reflection Electron Energy Loss Spectrum Analysis Applied Physics Letters, 87, 224107/1-3 (2005) We proposed an analytical approach for simultaneously determining inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) and surface excitation parameters (SEPs), which describe inelastic interactions between electrons and a solid surface, with absolute units from experimental reflection electron energy loss spectrum. The IMFPs determined for Ni were in good agreement with theoretical one. A new empirical formula was proposed for the SEPs in Ni. The results confirmed the applicability of the present approach for physically consistent determination of the IMFP and SEP.

56	Higuchi, Y.; Ohashi, Y.; Nakajima, H. (Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research) Biocompatibility of Lotus-type Stainless Steel and Titanium in Alveolar Bone Advanced Engineering Materials, 8, 909-912 (2006) Lotus-type porous stainless steel and porous titanium were fabricated by unidirectional solidification in a mixture gas of hydrogen and argon. The porous metals were implanted into the canine mandible alveolar bone for animal experiments. The changes in the tissues were observed using SEM. For porous stainless steel the osteogenesis was found in deep areas in the pores in eight weeks, while porous titanium showed deep ingrowth of new bones in four weeks. Observation above allowed us to expect application of the porous metals as biomaterials.

57	Ogi, H.; Nakamura, N. ; Tanei, H.; Hirao, M. ; Ikeda, R.; Takemoto, M; (Graduate School of Engineering Science) Off-Diagonal Elastic Constant and sp ² -Bonded Graphitic Grain Boundary in Nanocrystalline-Diamond Thin Films Applied Physics Letters, 86, 231904 (2005) This letter studies the relationship between the off-diagonal elastic constant C ₁₂ and bond configuration in nanocrystalline-diamond (NCD) thin films by measuring the anisotropic elastic constants using resonant-ultrasound spectroscopy. Observed C ₁₂ of NCD film was significantly larger than that of bulk diamond, and this enhancement was explained by considering that thin graphitic plates were included in the isotropic diamond matrix using micromechanics calculation. This result indicates that the NCD films consist of sp ³ -bonded diamond grains and sp ² -bonded grain boundaries.

58	Naota, T. ; Koori, H. (Graduate School of Engineering Science) Molecules That Assemble by Sound: An Application to the Instant Gelation of Stable Organic Fluids Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 9324-9325 (2005)

59	Sumiya, H. 1; Yamaguchi, K.; Ogata, S. 2 1 (Center for Quantum Science and Technology under Extreme Conditions) 2 (Graduate School of Engineering) Deformation Microstructure of High-Quality Synthetic Diamond Crystal Subjected to Knoop Indentation Applied Physics Letters, 88, 161904 (2006) The deformation microstructures of high-quality synthetic type IIa diamond crystal around a Knoop indentation formed at room temperature were investigated. The atomic force microscopy observation showed that there are smooth deformation areas without cracks or fractures around the indentation. In addition, many dislocation lines were observed beneath the Knoop indentation in transmission electron microscopy investigations. These results reveal that plastic deformation in diamond is possible beneath Knoop indentations even at room temperature.

60	Ogi, H. ; Motohisa, K.; Matsumoto, T.; Mizugaki, T.; Hirao, M. (Graduate School of Engineering Science) Wireless Electrodeless Piezomagnetic Biosensor with an Isolated Nickel Oscillator Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21, 2001-2005 (2006). This paper presents a new concept of piezomagnetic immunosensors driven in a noncontacting manner. A stepped cylindrical Ni rod is used as the oscillator, which traps the vibrational energy of the surface-shear wave at the central part. A meander-line coil surrounding the oscillator with an air gap can measure the resonant frequency via the piezomagnetic effect. The resonant frequency is monitored to detect human immunoglobulin G (IgG). It decreased by 0.08% when the IgG solution was injected.

61	Saeki, A. ; Kozawa, T.; Tagawa, S.; Cao, H. B. (Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research) Line Edge Roughness of a Latent Image in Post-optical Lithography Nanotechnology, 17, 1543-1546 (2006)

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